ساختار درس هشتم

كاربردساختارهای

Should + have + pp

may / might + have + pp

could + have + pp

must + have + pp

ساختار should + have + pp براي بيان عملي است كه بهتر بود در زمان گذشته صورت مي گرفت ولي صورت نگرفته است.مثال:

   I didn’t pass the exam. I should have studied more.

شكل منفي ساختار فوق براي بيان عملي است كه نبايد در گذشته انجام مي گرفته ولي انجام گرفته است.

   I hurt my back. I shouldn’t have lifted that heavy box.

نكته : در حالیکه ساختار  ( شكل ساده فعل )    should +  بیانگر اجبار های ضعیف(light obligation (و مصلحت(  advisability )است . یا به عبارت دیگر  يك  بايد پيشنهاد گونه را نشان مي دهد و دلالت بر زمان حال يا آينده دارد.

شكل ساده فعل should  +

مثال:

Their radio doesn't work. They should buy a new one.

ساختار may/might + have + pp  براي بيان احتمال ضعیف وقوع عملي در گذشته است كه احتمال آن كمتر از 50% می باشد.به مثال زير توجه كنيد.

Mary wasn’t at the party. She may / might have been sick.

در جمله بالا گوينده از مريض بودن ‹‹ مري ›› مطمئن نمي باشد و تنها احتمال مي دهد كه او مريض است.

نكته : در حالیکه ساختار    ( شكل ساده فعل )   may / might + يك احتمال را در زمان حال يا آينده را نشان مي دهد. بايد تو جه داشت كه might  گذشته may نمي باشد بلكه might نسبت به may  از درجه احتمال كمتري برخودار مي باشد.

شكل ساده فعل may / might +

مثال:

I may go to London tomorrow.

Joe might come with me.

توضيح :در جمله با لا احتمال رفتن من به لندن ( حدود 50% )  بسيار بيشتر از آمدن  ‹‹ جو›› بهمراه من ( حدود30% ) مي باشد

ساختار could + have + pp  داراي دو كاربرد مي باشد.( برای مطالعه بیشتراست. از کتاب درس حذف شده است)

الف: براي بيان يك احتمال كمتر از 50%  تقريباً  كاربردي  همانند  ساختار

may / might + have + pp دارد.به مثال زير توجه كنيد.

No statement was issued. The two sides could have reached an agreement.

‹‹ هيچگونه بيانيه اي صادر نشد. ممكن است دو طرف به توافق رسيده باشند.›› در جمله بالا ساختارcould + have + pp  يك احتمال را نشان مي دهد.به مثالهاي ديگر توجه كنيد.

Why did you throw the bottle out of the window? It could have hit somebody.

That was a bad place to go skiing- you could have broken your leg.

ب: براي بيان عملي است كه توانايي انجام آن در گذشته وجود داشته ولي انجام داده نشده است.به مثال زير توجه كنيد.

 They had enough time. They could have gone to cinema.(but they didn’t.)

درجمله بالا آنها توانايي رفتن به سينما را داستند اما به سينما نرفتند.

نكته: در حالیکه ساختار    ( شكل ساده فعل )   could + يك توانايي را در زمان گذشته نشان  مي دهد.

شكل ساده فعل could  +

مثال                          

                 When he was a school boy, he could swim very well.

ساختارmust + have + pp براي بيان عملي است كه به احتمال قوي (بيش از 95% ) در گذشته رخ داده است. به عبارت دیگر از این ساختار برای نتیجه گیری در زمان گذشته استفاده می شود.

   Mary wasn’t at the party. He must have been sick.

 در جمله بالا گوينده از مريض بودن ‹‹ مري ›› يقين دارد. ساختار فوق براي نشان دادن يك نتيجه گيري منطقي در باره عملي در گذشته استفاده مي شود. مثال:

   No one has answered the door. They must have gone out.

نكته:  در حالیکه ساختار    ( شكل ساده فعل )   must + يك اجبارقوی

( Strong obligation)  را در زمان حال يا آينده نشان مي دهد. البته بخاطر داشته باشید که از این ساختار برای بیان استنتاج و نتیجه گیری درزمان حال هم استفاده می شود.

شكل ساده فعل must  +

مثال :

You must be here before 8 o'clock.                    

I must clean all the rooms.

His house is very near to the airport. It must be very noisy.

You have been travelling all day. You must be tried.

نمونه سئوال : گزينه درست را انتخاب كنيد.

1-He    ...    certainly have arrived at the office by now. (سنجش-83 )

 a) could            b) must               c) would              d) might        

2-Fatima caught a bad cold last night. She  ...  in the rain for a long time.                                                             ( سراسري رياضي- 84 )

a) must stay                             b) should stay    

c) would have stayed              d) must have stayed

3- A: Ali said he had failed the exam. ( سراسري تجربي- 84 )

    B: He   ...  harder last summer.                                                                  

a) should have studied             b) must have studied

c) must study                           d) should study

4-  A : Do you think the fire was an accident?   ( سراسري انساني- 84 )                                                     

      B : Yes, it ...   an accident.

a) would have been                 b) might have been      

c) should be                            d) might be

5- He    ...   her aunt to the airport if his car had not been stolen.  ( سراسري هنر- 84 )                                                                       

a) could have driven                b) must have driven

c) could drive                          d) must drive

6- Reza doesn’t feel sleepy today. He   …    have slept very well last night. ( سنجش- 84 )                                                           

a) should           b) must       c) might             d) could

7- Reza, you   ...    in bed at least for a week! Why didn’t you?

( 8 4 ( سنجش-                                                                                                                                                                                                                a)                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 a) must stay                          b) should stay     

c) must have stayed             d) should have stayed

8- Her parents  ...     her decision to go to university, of course I’m not sure.  (آزادپزشكيي- 84 )                                                            

a) should have influenced     b) could have influenced

c) might have influenced       d)  must have influenced

9- A: Do you know where Ali left the car keys?  ( آزادنساني- 84 ) 

    B : He  …  them on the table; I’m not sure.

a) must have left                                        b) should have left

c) might have left                                      d) would have left

10- You missed a great birthday party last night. You   …  come. ( زبان اختصاصي- 84 )                                                                                           

a) could          b) had to          c) must have        d) should have

كليد سئوالات:

 (1-b )  (2-d )  (3-a )  (4-b )  (5-a )  (6-a )  (7-d )  (8-c )  (9-c )  (10-d )